PPL-Trnr
1. What type of cloud indicates thermal updrafts?
- a. Cumulus
- b. Lenticularis
- c. Cirrus
- d. Stratus
- a. The height at which the relative humidity of the rising air reaches 0 %
- b. The height at which the temperature of the rising air reaches its dew point
- c. The height at which the rising air reaches the top of an inversion layer
- d. The height at which the temperature of the rising air reaches the environmental dew point
3. The gas mixture “air” is composed of what components?
- a. Oxygen 21 %, water vapour 78 %, noble gases / carbon dioxide 1 %
- b. Oxygen 78 %, water vapour 21 %, Nitrogen 1 %
- c. Oxygen 21 %, Nitrogen 78 %, noble gases / Carbon Dioxide 1 %
- d. Nitrogen 21 %, Oxygen 78 %, noble gases / Carbon Dioxide 1 %
4. What is the gas composition of “air”?
- a. Oxygen 21 %, Water vapour 78 %, Noble gases / carbon dioxide 1 %
- b. Nitrogen 21 %, Oxygen 78 %, Noble gases / carbon dioxide 1 %
- c. Oxygen 21 %, Nitrogen 78 %, Noble gases / carbon dioxide 1 %
- d. Oxygen 78 %, Water vapour 21 %, Nitrogen 1 %
5. Which process may result in an inversion layer at about 5000 ft (1500 m) height?
- a. Ground cooling by radiation during the night
- b. Intensive sunlight insolation during a warm summer day
- c. Widespread descending air within a high pressure area
- d. Advection of cool air in the upper troposphere
6. What are the air masses that Central Europe is mainly influenced by?
- a. Arctic and polar cold air
- b. Tropical and arctic cold air
- c. Polar cold air and tropical warm air
- d. Equatorial and tropical warm air
7. Clouds are basically distinguished by what types?
- a. Thunderstorm and shower clouds
- b. Cumulus and stratiform clouds
- c. Stratiform and ice clouds
- d. Layered and lifted clouds
- a. Strong winds, decreasing temperature
- b. Low spread, decreasing temperature
- c. Low pressure, increasing temperature
- d. Low spread, increasing temperature
9. What is meant by “isothermal layer”?
- a. A boundary area between two other layers within the atmosphere
- b. An atmospheric layer with constant temperature with increasing height
- c. An atmospheric layer where temperature increases with increasing height
- d. An atmospheric layer where temperature decreases with increasing height
10. Which of the following conditions are most favourable for ice accretion?
- a. Temperatures below 0° C, strong wind, sky clear of clouds
- b. Temperatures between +10° C and -30° C, presence of hail (clouds)
- c. Temperatures between 0° C and -12° C, presence of supercooled water droplets (clouds)
- d. Temperatures between -20° C and -40° C, presence of ice crystals (Ci clouds)
11. What clouds and weather may result from an humid and instable air mass, that is pushed against a chain of mountains by the predominant wind and forced to rise?
- a. Thin Altostratus and Cirrostratus clouds with light and steady precipitation.
- b. Embedded CB with thunderstorms and showers of hail and/or rain.
- c. Smooth, unstructured NS cloud with light drizzle or snow (during winter).
- d. Overcast low stratus (high fog) with no precipitation.
12. What is the ISA standard pressure at FL 180 (5500 m)?
- a. 300 hPa
- b. 1013.25 hPa
- c. 500 hPa
- d. 250 hPa
13. Measured pressure distribution in MSL and corresponding frontal systems are displayed by the…
- a. Significant Weather Chart (SWC).
- b. Hypsometric chart.
- c. Prognostic chart.
- d. Surface weather chart.
- a. Information about icing conditions
- b. Front lines and frontal displacements
- c. Radar echos of precipitation
- d. Information about turbulence areas
15. How does inflowing cold air affect the shape and vertical distance between pressure layers?
- a. Increasing vertical distance, raise in height (high pressure)
- b. Decrease in vertical distance, lowering in height (low pressure)
- c. Decreasing vertical distance, raise in height (high pressure)
- d. Increase in vertical distance, lowering in height (low pressure)
16. What is the ISA standard pressure at FL 180 (5500 m)?
- a. 300 hPa
- b. 1013.25 hPa
- c. 250 hPa
- d. 500 hPa
- a. Low spread
- b. Calm wind
- c. Overcast cloud cover
- d. Clear night, no clouds
18. Prediction from numerical weather forecast models can be used to…
- a. Check actual cloud and visibility situation at destination airport.
- b. Improve the quality of HRV and RGB satellite images.
- c. Visualize flight hazards along the planned route.
- d. A precise prediction of cloud and visibility situation at an airport up to 14 days.
19. What level of turbulence has always to be expected, regardless of mentioning in weather forecasts?
- a. Heavy turbulence below cumulus clouds
- b. Moderate and severe turbulence
- c. Moderate clear air turbulence (CAT)
- d. Light turbulence (“thermal turbulence”)
20. The temperature lapse rate with increasing height within the troposphere according ISA is…
- a. 0.6° C / 100 m.
- b. 3° C / 100 m.
- c. 1° C / 100 m.
- d. 0.65° C / 100 m.
21. The symbol labeled (3) as shown in the picture is a / an…
See figure (MET-005)
![Weather diagram showing cold front, warm front, and occlusion symbols]
- a. front aloft.
- b. occlusion.
- c. cold front.
- d. warm front.
22. What is the mass of a “cube of air” with the edges 1 m long, at MSL according ISA?
- a. 1.225 kg
- b. 12.25 kg
- c. 0.01225 kg
- d. 0.1225 kg
23. Hot air over the tropics creates a band of low pressure at the surface known as….
- a. the equitorial trough
- b. a mid-latitude cell
- c. the equitorial high
- d. a polar cell
24. What clouds and weather can typically be observed during the passage of a cold front?
- a. In coastal areas during daytime wind from the coast and forming of cumulus clouds, dissipation of clouds during evening and night
- b. Strongly developed cumulus clouds (Cb) with showers of rain and thunderstorms, gusting wind followed by cumulus clouds with isolated showers of rain
- c. Cirrus, thickening altostratus and altocumulus clouds, lowering cloud base with rain, nimbostratus
- d. Wind becoming calm, dissipation of clouds and warming during summer; formation of extended high fog layers during winter
25. As taken from ground-based weather radar images with “orange” or “red” areas, what type of precipitation can be expected?
- a. Fog or freezing fog
- b. Showers of rain, hail or soft hail (graupel)
- c. Steady light rain
- d. Drizzle or ice crystals
26. What type of fog emerges if water evaporates from a warm and humid surface into cold air and condensates again shortly thereafter?
- a. Steaming fog
- b. Radiation fog
- c. Hill fog
- d. Advection fog
27. Light turbulence always has to be expected….
- a. below cumulus clouds due to thermal convection.
- b. below stratiform clouds in medium layers.
- c. above cumulus clouds due to thermal convection.
- d. when entering inversions.
- a. Absolutely stable atmosphere, high temperature and high humidity
- b. Conditionally unstable atmosphere, low temperature and low humidity
- c. Absolutely stable atmosphere, high temperature and low humidity
- d. Conditionally unstable atmosphere, high temperature and high humidity
29. What weather phenomenon designated by “2” has to be expected on the lee side during the illustrated conditions?
See figure (MET-001)
![Diagram showing airflow over mountain with numbered regions]
- a. Cumulonimbus
- b. Altocumulus Castellanus
- c. Nimbostratus
- d. Altocumulus lenticularis
30. Winds blowing uphill are defined as…
- a. katabatic winds.
- b. subsident winds.
- c. anabatic winds.
- d. convergent winds.
- a. Stratus (St)
- b. Cirrus (Ci)
- c. Cumulonimbus (Cb)
- d. Cumulus (Cu)
32. What temperatures are most dangerous with respect to airframe icing?
- a. -20° to -40° C
- b. 0° to -12° C
- c. +20° to -5° C
- d. +5° to -10° C
33. The “spread” is defined as…
- a. relation of actual to maximum possible humidity of air.
- b. difference between actual temperature and dew point.
- c. maximum amount of water vapour that can be contained in air.
- d. difference between dew point and condensation point.
34. What wind is reported as 225/15?
- a. south-west wind with 15 km/h
- b. north-east wind with 15 kt
- c. north-east wind with 15 km/h
- d. south-west wind with 15 kt
- a. VOLMET.
- b. SIGMET.
- c. PIREP.
- d. ATIS.
36. What type of fog emerges if water evaporates from a warm and humid surface into cold air and condensates again shortly thereafter?
- a. Hill fog
- b. Steaming fog
- c. Radiation fog
- d. Advection fog
37. The color sequence used in weather radar images to indicate precipitation intensity from low to high is typically:
- a. Green - yellow - blue - red
- b. Blue - green - orange - yellow
- c. Green - yellow - orange - red
- d. Red - orange - yellow - green
38. What change of wind direction can be expected during the passage of a polar front low in Central Europe?
- a. Backing wind during passage of the warm front, veering wind during passage of the cold front
- b. Veering wind during passage of the warm front, backing wind during passage of the cold front
- c. Veering wind during passage of the warm front, veering wind during passage of the cold front
- d. Backing wind during passage of the warm front, backing wind during passage of the cold front
QNH: 983 hPa
Altitude: FL 85
Outside Air Temperature: ISA - 10°
- a. 7600 ft
- b. 7300 ft
- c. 9400 ft
- d. 7900 ft
40. How does air temperature change in ISA from MSL to approx. 10,000 m height?
- a. from -15° to 50°C
- b. from +20° to -40°C
- c. from +15° to -50°C
- d. from +30° to -40°C
41. Ground-based weather radar allows to display…
- a. forecast of location and intensity of clouds and precipitation.
- b. vertical distribution of clouds with base and top levels.
- c. temperature distribution at different altitudes.
- d. the current location and intensity of precipitation areas.
42. Hot air over the tropics creates a band of low pressure at the surface known as….
- a. a mid-latitude cell
- b. a polar cell
- c. the equitorial trough
- d. the equitorial high
43. Heavy downdrafts and strong wind shear close to the ground can be expected…
- a. during warm summer days with high, flatted Cu clouds.
- b. during cold, clear nights with the formation of radiation fog.
- c. near the rainfall areas of heavy showers or thunderstorms.
- d. during approach to an airfield at the coast with a strong sea breeze.
44. What weather phenomena have to be expected around an upper-level trough?
- a. Calm weather, formation of lifted fog layers
- b. Development of showers and thunderstorms (Cb)
- c. Calm wind, forming of shallow cumulus clouds
- d. Formation of high stratus clouds, ground-covering cloud bases
45. Which of the stated surfaces will reduce the wind speed most due to ground friction?
- a. Flat land, deserted land, no vegetation
- b. Mountainous areas, vegetation cover
- c. Flat land, lots of vegetation cover
- d. Oceanic areas
QNH: 983 hPa
Altitude: FL 85
Outside Air Temperature: ISA - 10°
- a. 9400 ft
- b. 7600 ft
- c. 7900 ft
- d. 7300 ft
47. With regard to global circulation within the atmosphere, where does polar cold air meets subtropical warm air?
- a. At the equator
- b. At the subtropical high pressure belt
- c. At the polar front
- d. At the geographic poles
48. The pressure at MSL in ISA conditions is…
- a. 1123 hPa.
- b. 1013.25 hPa.
- c. 15 hPa.
- d. 113.25 hPa.
49. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-003).
- a. Nimbostratus
- b. Altocumulus
- c. Cumulus
- d. Cirrus
- a. Surface weather chart
- b. Significant Weather Chart (SWC)
- c. Wind chart
- d. Hypsometric chart
51. What is referred to as mountain wind?
- a. Wind blowing uphill from the valley during daytime.
- b. Wind blowing down the mountain side during daytime.
- c. Wind blowing uphill from the valley during the night.
- d. Wind blowing down the mountain side during the night
52. The color sequence used in weather radar images to indicate precipitation intensity from low to high is typically:
- a. Red - orange - yellow - green
- b. Blue - green - orange - yellow
- c. Green - yellow - orange - red
- d. Green - yellow - blue - red
53. A band of low pressure is usually present:
- a. At the north/south pole
- b. Along the equator
- c. At mid-latitudes around 50-70°N/S
- d. Over oceanic areas at latitues around 30°N/S
54. What pressure pattern can be observed during the passage of a polar front low?
- a. Rising pressure in front of the warm front, rising pressure within the warm sector, falling pressure behind the cold front
- b. Falling pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, rising pressure behind the cold front
- c. Falling pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, falling pressure behind the cold front
- d. Rising pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, rising pressure behind the cold front
- a. The spread increases significantly
- b. The relative humidity reduces to 0 %
- c. Air cools below its dew point
- d. Formation of overcast cloud cover in medium height during the night
- a. actual location and intensity of precipitation.
- b. visual and infra-red satellite images.
- c. precise weather forecast up to 28 days.
- d. upper wind and temperature, humidity.
57. What pressure pattern can be observed during the passage of a polar front low?
- a. Falling pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, rising pressure behind the cold front
- b. Falling pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, falling pressure behind the cold front
- c. Rising pressure in front of the warm front, constant pressure within the warm sector, rising pressure behind the cold front
- d. Rising pressure in front of the warm front, rising pressure within the warm sector, falling pressure behind the cold front
58. What weather conditions may be expected in the area of an occlusion?
- a. Scattered clouds with isolated showers and thunderstorms
- b. St or Ns with high vertical extension, embedded showers and thunderstorms
- c. Dissipating clouds by widerspread descending air
- d. Medium cloud layers and Ci, no precipitation
59. What chart shows areas of precipitation?
- a. Wind chart
- b. Radar picture
- c. Satellite picture
- d. GAFOR
60. What factor may affect the top of cumulus clouds?
- a. The spread
- b. The absolute humidity
- c. Relative humidity
- d. The presence of an inversion layer
61. The term “tropopause” is defined as…
- a. the boundary area between the mesosphere and the stratosphere.
- b. the boundary area between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
- c. the layer above the troposphere showing an increasing temperature.
- d. the height above which the temperature starts to decrease.
62. Measured pressure distribution in MSL and corresponding frontal systems are displayed by the…
- a. surface weather chart.
- b. Significant Weather Chart (SWC).
- c. prognostic chart.
- d. hypsometric chart.
63. Heavy downdrafts and strong wind shear close to the ground can be expected…
- a. during warm summer days with high, flatted Cu clouds.
- b. during cold, clear nights with the formation of radiation fog.
- c. near the rainfall areas of heavy showers or thunderstorms.
- d. during approach to an airfield at the coast with a strong sea breeze.
64. What weather development will result from convergence at ground level?
- a. Ascending air and cloud dissipation
- b. Ascending air and cloud formation
- c. Descending air and cloud formation
- d. Descending air and cloud dissipation
65. Which type of cloud is associated with prolonged rain?
- a. Cirrostratus
- b. Altocumulus
- c. Nimbostratus
- d. Cumulonimbus
- a. Moderate to strong updrafts
- b. High humidity and high temperatures
- c. The presence of an inversion layer
- d. Calm winds and intensive sunlight insolation
67. What factor may affect the top of cumulus clouds?
- a. The spread
- b. The absolute humidity
- c. Relative humidity
- d. The presence of an inversion layer
68. The RGB (Red-Green-Blue) satellite images show…
- a. top level of clouds by temperature measurement.
- b. location and intensity of precipitation areas.
- c. cloud areas by combining images of different visual channels.
- d. forecast development of pressure patterns.
- a. TS.
- b. SHRA.
- c. +RA.
- d. +TSRA.
70. What weather conditions may be expected during conditionally unstable conditions?
- a. Sky clear of clouds, sunshine, low winds
- b. Towering cumulus, isolated showers of rain or thunderstorms
- c. Shallow cumulus clouds with base at medium levels
- d. Layered clouds up to high levels, prolonged rain or snow
71. Clouds in high layers are referred to as…
- a. Strato-.
- b. Cirro-.
- c. Alto-.
- d. Nimbo-.
72. What situation is referred to as “shielding”?
- a. High or mid-level cloud layers, impairing thermal activity
- b. Coverage of Cumulus clouds, stated as part of eights of the sky
- c. Ns clouds, covering the windward side of a mountain range
- d. Anvil-like structure at the upper levels of a thunderstorm cloud
- a. Surface weather chart
- b. Wind chart
- c. Significant Weather Chart (SWC)
- d. Hypsometric chart
74. The movement of air flowing apart is called…
- a. convergence.
- b. divergence.
- c. subsidence.
- d. concordence.
75. What weather phenomena have to be expected around an upper-level trough?
- a. Development of showers and thunderstorms (Cb)
- b. Calm wind, forming of shallow cumulus clouds
- c. Formation of high stratus clouds, ground-covering cloud bases
- d. Calm weather, formation of lifted fog layers
76. What wind conditions can be expected in areas showing large distances between isobars?
- a. Strong prevailing westerly winds with rapid veering
- b. Variable winds, formation of local wind systems
- c. Strong prevailing easterly winds with rapid backing
- d. Formation of local wind systems with strong prevailing westerly winds
77. What frontal line divides subtropical air from polar cold air, in particular across Central Europe?
- a. Polar front
- b. Cold front
- c. Occlusion
- d. Warm front
78. What is referred to as mountain wind?
- a. Wind blowing uphill from the valley during the night.
- b. Wind blowing uphill from the valley during daytime.
- c. Wind blowing down the mountain side during the night
- d. Wind blowing down the mountain side during daytime.
79. When air masses meet each other head on, how is this referred to and what air movements will follow?
- a. Convergence resulting in sinking air
- b. Divergence resulting in sinking air
- c. Divergence resulting in air being lifted
- d. Convergence resulting in air being lifted
80. The cloud types shown by HRV (High Resolution Visual) satellite images as “compact, single white spots” can be intepreted as:
- a. Stratus (St)
- b. Cirrus (Ci)
- c. Convective Clouds (Cu, Cb)
- d. Nimbostratus (Ns)
81. What has to be considered when taking off in a ground inversion?
- a. During climb, a sudden decrease in speed and climb performance has to be expected
- b. Climb should be performed with the lowest possible speed and maximum power
- c. Due to low temperatures close to the ground, icing has to be expected
- d. During the climb, a sudden increase in speed and climb performance has to be expected
82. The barometric altimeter with QNH setting indicates…
- a. true altitude above MSL.
- b. height above the pressure level at airfield elevation.
- c. altitude above MSL.
- d. height above standard pressure 1013.25 hPa.
83. What weather conditions can be expected in high pressure areas during summer?
- a. Calm winds and widespread areas with high fog
- b. Calm weather and cloud dissipation, few high Cu
- c. Squall lines and thunderstorms
- d. Changing weather with passing of frontal lines
84. What danger is most imminent during an approach to an airfield situated in a valley, with strong wind aloft blowing perpendicular to the mountain ridge?
- a. Wind shear during descent, wind direction may change by 180°
- b. Formation of medium to heavy clear ice on all aircraft surfaces
- c. Reduced visibilty, maybe loss of sight to the airfield during final approach
- d. Heavy downdrafts within rainfall areas below thunderstorm clouds
85. What frontal line divides subtropical air from polar cold air, in particular across Central Europe?
- a. Occlusion
- b. Warm front
- c. Polar front
- d. Cold front
86. The saturated adiabatic lapse rate is…
- a. proportional to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
- b. lower than the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
- c. equal to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
- d. higher than the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
87. Which weather chart shows the actual air pressure as in MSL along with pressure centers and fronts?
- a. Wind chart
- b. Surface weather chart
- c. Hypsometric chart
- d. Prognostic chart
88. The symbol labeled (2) as shown in the picture is a / an…
See figure (MET-005)
- a. occlusion.
- b. warm front.
- c. front aloft.
- d. cold front.
89. Which unit is used for temperatures given by meteorological aviation services in Europe and Africa?
- a. Degrees Centigrade (° C)
- b. Kelvin
- c. Degrees Fahrenheit
- d. Gpdam
90. What type of fog emerges if humid and almost saturated air, is forced to rise upslope of hills or shallow mountains by the prevailling wind?
- a. Orographic fog
- b. Advection fog
- c. Steaming fog
- d. Radiation fog
91. With regard to thunderstorms, strong up- and downdrafts appear during the…
- a. thunderstorm stage.
- b. initial stage.
- c. dissipating stage.
- d. mature stage.
92. What can be expected for the prevailling wind with isobars on a surface weather chart showing large distances?
- a. Strong pressure gradients resulting in low prevailling wind
- b. Low pressure gradients resulting in low prevailling wind
- c. Low pressure gradients resulting in strong prevailling wind
- d. Strong pressure gradients resulting in strong prevailling wind
93. With regard to thunderstorms, strong up- and downdrafts appear during the…
- a. initial stage.
- b. thunderstorm stage.
- c. dissipating stage.
- d. mature stage.
94. “Foehn” conditions usually develop with…
- a. stability, high pressure area with calm wind.
- b. instability, widespread air blown against a mountain ridge.
- c. instability, high pressure area with calm wind.
- d. stability, widespread air blown against a mountain ridge.
- a. Calm winds and cold air, overcast cloud cover with St or As.
- b. Warm and dry air, strong inversion layer
- c. Clear night over land, cold air and patches of fog
- d. Warm humid air, conditionally unstable environmental lapse rate
- a. Calm winds and cold air, overcast cloud cover with St or As.
- b. Warm and dry air, strong inversion layer
- c. Clear night over land, cold air and patches of fog
- d. Warm humid air, conditionally unstable environmental lapse rate
97. Hot air over the tropics creates a band of low pressure at the surface known as….
- a. a polar cell
- b. the equitorial trough
- c. the equitorial high
- d. a mid-latitude cell
- a. ATIS.
- b. PIREP.
- c. VOLMET.
- d. SIGMET.
99. What phenomenon is referred to as “blue thermals”?
- a. Thermals without formation of Cu clouds
- b. Turbulence in the vicinity of Cumulonimbus clouds
- c. Thermals with less than 4/8 Cu coverage
- d. Descending air between Cumulus clouds
100. The movement of air flowing together is called…
- a. subsidence.
- b. convergence.
- c. divergence.
- d. soncordence.
101. The formation of medium to large precipitation particles requires…
- a. an inversion layer.
- b. strong wind.
- c. strong updrafts.
- d. a high cloud base.
102. Cold air inflow in high tropospheric layers may result in…
- a. frontal weather.
- b. showers and thunderstorms.
- c. stabilisation and calm weather.
- d. calm weather and cloud dissipation.
103. A boundary between a cold polar air mass and a warm subtropical air mass showing no horizontal displacement is called…
- a. warm front.
- b. stationary front.
- c. cold front.
- d. occluded front.
104. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-002)
- a. Cumulus
- b. Altus
- c. Cirrus
- d. Stratus
- a. Overview of cloud covers and front lines
- b. Temperature and dew point of environmental air
- c. Flight visibility, ground visibility, and ground contact
- d. Turbulence and icing
106. Air descending behind a mountain range is defined as…
- a. divergent wind.
- b. convergent wind.
- c. anabatic wind.
- d. katabatic wind.
107. The height of the tropopause of the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is at…
- a. 48,000 ft.
- b. 5,500 ft.
- c. 36,000 ft.
- d. 11,000 ft.
108. A sequence of satellite images can be used to show…
- a. movement and variation of pressure patterns.
- b. movement and variation of clear air turbulence.
- c. position and movement of fronts and clouds.
- d. position and movement of precipitation areas.
109. The advantage of RGB satellite images over HRV images is that…
- a. by combining visual and IR channels, cloud images look the same day and night.
- b. by combining visual and radar channels, cloud and precipitation types can be identified.
- c. RGB images are calculations by meteorological models to forecast movements of fronts.
- d. by combining different visual channels, cloud types and altitudes can be more easily distinguished.
110. Satellite images in the infra-red (IR) spectrum can be used to…
- a. identify temperatures and thereby top level of clouds.
- b. identify temperatures and thereby cloud base coverage.
- c. identify clear air turbulence areas and forecast.
- d. identify precipitation areas and forecast.
111. The pressure which is measured at a ground station and reduced to mean sea level (MSL) by means of the standard conditions (ISA) is called…
- a. QNH.
- b. QFE.
- c. QNE.
- d. QFF.
112. What cloud type can typically be observed across widespread high pressure areas during summer?
- a. Overcast Ns clouds
- b. Overcast low stratus
- c. Squall lines and thunderstorms
- d. Scattered Cu clouds
113. Air descending behind a mountain range is defined as…
- a. anabatic wind.
- b. convergent wind.
- c. katabatic wind.
- d. divergent wind.
114. Moderate to severe turbulence has to be expected…
- a. below thick cloud layers on the windward side of a mountain range.
- b. overhead unbroken cloud layers.
- c. with the appearance of extended low stratus clouds (high fog).
- d. on the lee side of a mountain range when rotor clouds are present.
115. While planning a 500 km triangle flight, there is a squall line 100 km west of the departure airfield, extending from north to south, moving east. Concerning the weather situation, what decision would be recommendable?
- a. To change plans and start the triangle heading east
- b. To plan the flight below cloud base of the thunderstorms
- c. During flight, to look for spacing between thunderstorms
- d. To postpone the flight to another day
116. What process causes latent heat being released into the upper troposphere?
- a. Descending air across widespread areas
- b. Stabilisation of inflowing air masses
- c. Evaporation over widespread water areas
- d. Cloud forming due to condensation
117. What weather phenomenon designated by “2” has to be expected on the lee side during the illustrated conditions?
See figure (MET-001).
- a. Altocumulus lenticularis
- b. Nimbostratus
- c. Cumulonimbus
- d. Altocumulus Castellanus
118. Moderate to severe turbulence has to be expected…
- a. on the lee side of a mountain range when rotor clouds are present.
- b. below thick cloud layers on the windward side of a mountain range.
- c. with the appearance of extended low stratus clouds (high fog).
- d. overhead unbroken cloud layers.
119. Ground-based weather radar is used to detect and display:
- a. Precipitation
- b. Clouds
- c. Temperatures
- d. Pressure patterns
120. What visual flight conditions can be expected near a cold front?
- a. Moderate to good visibility, clear of clouds
- b. Good visibility, some isolated high clouds
- c. Moderate visibility, heavy showers, turbulence and thunderstorms
- d. Visibility less than 1000 m, cloud-covered ground and continuous precipitation
121. What kind of reduction in visibility is not very sensitive to changes in temperature?
- a. Patches of fog (BCFG)
- b. Haze (HZ)
- c. Radiation fog (FG)
- d. Mist (BR)
122. What phenomenon is referred to as “blue thermals”?
- a. Turbulence in the vicinity of Cumulonimbus clouds
- b. Thermals with less than 4/8 Cu coverage
- c. Descending air between Cumulus clouds
- d. Thermals without formation of Cu clouds
123. What type of turbulence is typically found close to the ground on the lee side during Foehn conditions?
- a. Turbulence in rotors
- b. Inversion turbulence
- c. Thermal turbulence
- d. Clear-air turbulence (CAT)
124. The character of an air mass is given by what properties?
- a. Temperatures at origin and present region
- b. Region of origin and track during movement
- c. Environmental lapse rate at origin
- d. Wind speed and tropopause height
125. What danger is most imminent when an aircraft is hit by lightning?
- a. Disturbed radio communication, static noise signals
- b. Rapid cabin depressurization and smoke in the cabin
- c. Surface overheat and damage to exposed aircraft parts
- d. Explosion of electrical equipment in the cockpit
126. The symbol labeled (1) as shown in the picture is a / an…
See figure (MET-005).
- a. cold front.
- b. warm front.
- c. front aloft.
- d. occlusion.
127. The saturated adiabatic lapse rate should be assumed with a mean value of:
- a. 2° C / 1000 ft.
- b. 0° C / 100 m.
- c. 0.6° C / 100 m.
- d. 1.0° C / 100 m.
128. The barometric altimeter with QFE setting indicates…
- a. height above standard pressure 1013.25 hPa.
- b. true altitude above MSL.
- c. height above the pressure level at airfield elevation.
- d. altitude above MSL.
129. When air masses meet each other head on, how is this referred to and what air movements will follow?
- a. Divergence resulting in sinking air
- b. Divergence resulting in air being lifted
- c. Convergence resulting in air being lifted
- d. Convergence resulting in sinking air
- a. Surface weather chart
- b. Wind chart
- c. Hypsometric chart
- d. Significant Weather Chart (SWC)
131. The cloud types shown by HRV (High Resolution Visual) satellite images as “compact, single white spots” can be interpreted as:
- a. Stratus (St)
- b. Convective Clouds (Cu, Cb)
- c. Nimbostratus (Ns)
- d. Cirrus (Ci)
132. The operating principle of ground-based weather radar is…
- a. reflection of pulses with defined frequency, length and power by clouds.
- b. creating images in the infra-red spectrum to show vertical up- and downdrafts.
- c. creating images in the infra-red spectrum to show areas of high precipitation.
- d. reflection of pulses with defined frequency, length and power by precipitation particles.
133. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-002).
- a. Cumulus
- b. Cirrus
- c. Altus
- d. Stratus
134. How is an air mass described when moving to Central Europe via the Russian continent during winter?
- a. Continental tropical air
- b. Continental polar air
- c. Maritime tropical air
- d. Maritime polar air
- a. Location of pressure areas and displacement of fronts
- b. Forecast weather at destination with cloud base and visibility
- c. Current weather at departure airport
- d. Forecast weather at destination and runway in use
136. What visual flight conditions can be expected within the warm sector of a polar front low during summer time?
- a. Moderate visibility, heavy showers and thunderstorms
- b. Good visibility, some isolated high clouds
- c. Moderate to good visibility, scattered clouds
- d. Visibility less than 1000 m, cloud-covered ground
137. An inversion layer close to the ground can be caused by…
- a. ground cooling during the night.
- b. intensifying and gusting winds.
- c. large-scale lifting of air.
- d. thickening of clouds in medium layers.
138. What pressure pattern may result from cold-air inflow in high tropospheric layers?
- a. Alternating pressure
- b. Formation of a high in the upper troposphere
- c. Formation of a large ground low
- d. Formation of a low in the upper troposphere
139. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-003).
- a. Nimbostratus
- b. Altocumulus
- c. Cirrus
- d. Cumulus
140. What type of fog emerges if humid and almost saturated air is forced to rise upslope of hills or shallow mountains by the prevailing wind?
- a. Advection fog
- b. Orographic fog
- c. Radiation fog
- d. Steaming fog
141. What clouds and weather may result from a humid and instable air mass that is pushed against a chain of mountains by the predominant wind and forced to rise?
- a. Thin Altostratus and Cirrostratus clouds with light and steady precipitation.
- b. Smooth, unstructured Ns cloud with light drizzle or snow (during winter).
- c. Overcast low stratus (high fog) with no precipitation.
- d. Embedded CB with thunderstorms and showers of hail and/or rain.
142. How can wind speed and wind direction be derived from surface weather charts?
- a. By alignment and distance of hypsometric lines
- b. By alignment of lines of warm- and cold fronts.
- c. By alignment and distance of isobaric lines
- d. By annotations from the text part of the chart
143. Moderate to severe turbulence has to be expected…
- a. with the appearance of extended low stratus clouds (high fog).
- b. overhead unbroken cloud layers.
- c. on the lee side of a mountain range when rotor clouds are present.
- d. below thick cloud layers on the windward side of a mountain range.
144. How do we refer to air masses flowing against each other, and what weather development will result from it?
- a. Convergence, ascending air and cloud formation
- b. Convergence, descending air and cloud dissipation
- c. Subsidence, ascending air and cloud formation
- d. Subsidence, descending air and cloud dissipation
145. The character of an air mass is given by what properties?
- a. Temperatures at origin and present region
- b. Region of origin and track during movement
- c. Environmental lapse rate at origin
- d. Wind speed and tropopause height
146. What cloud type can typically be observed across widespread high pressure areas during summer?
- a. Scattered Cu clouds
- b. Overcast low stratus
- c. Squall lines and thunderstorms
- d. Overcast Ns clouds
147. The formation of medium to large precipitation particles requires…
- a. an inversion layer.
- b. strong updrafts.
- c. a high cloud base.
- d. strong wind.
148. What visual flight conditions can be expected near a cold front?
- a. Moderate to good visibility, clear of clouds
- b. Moderate visibility, heavy showers, turbulence and thunderstorms
- c. Visibility less than 1000 m, cloud-covered ground and continuous precipitation
- d. Good visibility, some isolated high clouds
149. What is the recommended way to deal with isolated thunderstorms on a cross-country flight?
- a. Direct crossing below the cloud base in front of the squall line
- b. Direct crossing below the cloud base through the rainfall area
- c. Watch out and circumnavigate them at a safe distance
- d. Hold at a safe distance and wait for your flight route coming clear
150. Which answer contains every state of water found in the atmosphere?
- a. Liquid, solid, and gaseous
- b. Liquid
- c. Gaseous and liquid
- d. Liquid and solid
151. What danger is most imminent during an approach to an airfield situated in a valley, with strong wind aloft blowing perpendicular to the mountain ridge?
- Formation of medium to heavy clear ice on all aircraft surfaces
- Reduced visibility, maybe loss of sight to the airfield during final approach
- Heavy downdrafts within rainfall areas below thunderstorm clouds
- Wind shear during descent, wind direction may change by 180°
152. What phenomenon is caused by cold air downdrafts with precipitation from a fully developed thunderstorm cloud?
- Freezing Rain
- Electrical discharge
- Gust front
- Anvil-head top of Cb cloud
153. An inversion is a layer…
- with increasing temperature with increasing height.
- with decreasing temperature with increasing height.
- with increasing pressure with increasing height.
- with constant temperature with increasing height.
154. The altimeter can be checked on the ground by setting…
- QFE and comparing the indication with the airfield elevation.
- QNH and comparing the indication with the airfield elevation.
- QFF and comparing the indication with the airfield elevation.
- QNE and checking that the indication shows zero on the ground.
155. What is the usual direction of movement of a polar front low?
- Parallel to the the warm-sector isobars
- To the northeast during winter, to the southeast during summer
- To the northwest during winter, to the southwest during summer
- Parallel to the warm front line to the south
156. What process causes latent heat being released into the upper troposphere?
- Evaporation over widespread water areas
- Cloud forming due to condensation
- Stabilisation of inflowing air masses
- Descending air across widespread areas
157. What type of fog emerges if water evaporates from a warm and humid surface into cold air and condensates again shortly thereafter?
- Steaming fog
- Radiation fog
- Advection fog
- Hill fog
158. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-003).
- Cirrus
- Cumulus
- Altocumulus
- Nimbostratus
159. What visual flight conditions can be expected after the passage of a cold front?
- Good visibility, formation of cumulus clouds with showers of rain or snow
- Poor visibility, formation of overcast or ground-covering stratus clouds, snow
- Medium visibility with lowering cloud bases, onset of prolonged precipitation
- Scattered cloud layers, visibility more than 5 km, formation of shallow cumulus clouds
160. The pressure which is measured at a ground station and reduced to mean sea level (MSL) by means of the standard conditions (ISA) is called…
161. SIGMET warnings are issued for…
- specific routings.
- airports.
- countries.
- FIRs / UIRs.
162. Clouds in high layers are referred to as…
- Cirro-.
- Strato-.
- Alto-.
- Nimbo-.
163. Extensive high pressure areas can be found throughout the year …
- in areas showing extensive lifting processes.
- in tropical areas, close to the equator.
- in mid latitudes along the polar front
- over oceanic areas at latitudes around 30°N/S.
164. What situation may result in the occurrence of severe wind shear?
- Cross-country flying below Cu clouds with about 4 octas coverage
- During final approach, 30 min after a heavy shower has passed the airfield
- When a shower is visible close to the airfield
- Flying ahead of a warm front with visible Ci clouds
165. Which stage of a thunderstorm is dominated by updrafts?
- Dissipating stage
- Upwind stage
- Cumulus stage
- Mature stage
166. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-002).
- Altus
- Cumulus
- Cirrus
- Stratus
- Operational information such as runway in use and transition level
- Information about current weather, for example types of precipitation
- Information about mean wind speeds, maximum speeds in gusts if applicable
- Approach information, such as ground visibility and cloud base
- Location of pressure areas and displacement of fronts
- Current weather at departure airport
- Forecast weather at destination with cloud base and visibility
- Forecast weather at destination and runway in use
169. What weather conditions can be expected during “Foehn” on the windward side of a mountain range?
- Dissipating clouds with unusual warming, accompanied by strong, gusty winds
- Layered clouds, mountains obscured, poor visibility, moderate or heavy rain
- Calm wind and forming of high stratus clouds (high fog)
- Scattered cumulus clouds with showers and thunderstorms
170. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-004).
- Stratus
- Cumulus
- Altocumulus
- Cirrus
171. Extensive high pressure areas can be found throughout the year …
- in tropical areas, close to the equator.
- in mid latitudes along the polar front
- in areas showing extensive lifting processes.
- over oceanic areas at latitudes around 30°N/S.
172. What weather conditions can be expected in high pressure areas during winter?
- Calm winds and widespread areas with high fog
- Calm weather and cloud dissipation, few high Cu
- Squall lines and thunderstorms
- Changing weather with passing of frontal lines
173. The barometric altimeter indicates height above…
- standard pressure 1013.25 hPa.
- mean sea level.
- a selected reference pressure level.
- ground.
174. What is the mean height of the tropopause according to ISA (ICAO Standard Atmosphere)?
- 18,000 ft
- 11,000 m
- 36,000 m
- 11,000 ft
175. Measured pressure distribution in MSL and corresponding frontal systems are displayed by the…
- hypsometric chart.
- prognostic chart.
- surface weather chart.
- Significant Weather Chart (SWC).
176. The technique used to assemble smaller, local weather radar images to create images covering larger areas is referred to as:
- “Composite”
- “Grid”
- “Combination”
- “Scan”
177. Measured pressure distribution in MSL and corresponding frontal systems are displayed by the…
- surface weather chart.
- hypsometric chart.
- Significant Weather Chart (SWC).
- prognostic chart.
178. How can wind speed and wind direction be derived from surface weather charts?
- By annotations from the text part of the chart
- By alignment and distance of hypsometric lines
- By alignment of lines of warm- and cold fronts.
- By alignment and distance of isobaric lines
- High humidity and high temperatures
- Calm winds and intensive sunlight insolation
- Moderate to strong updrafts
- The presence of an inversion layer
180. Above the friction layer, with a prevailing pressure gradient, the wind direction is…
- at an angle of 30° to the isobars towards low pressure.
- perpendicular to the isobars.
- perpendicular to the isohypses.
- parallel to the isobars.
181. With other factors remaining constant, decreasing temperature results in…
- decreasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
- increasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
- increasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
- decreasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
182. With other factors remaining constant, decreasing temperature results in…
- decreasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
- decreasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
- increasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
- increasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
183. Mountain side updrafts can be intensified by …
- Solar irradiation on the windward side
- Solar irradiation on the lee side
- thermal radiation of the windward side during the night
- warming of upper atmospheric layers
184. The pressure which is measured at a ground station and reduced to mean sea level (MSL) by means of the standard conditions (ISA) is called…
185. What pressure pattern can be observed when a cold front is passing?
- Continually decreasing pressure
- Shortly decreasing, thereafter increasing pressure
- Continually increasing pressure
- Constant pressure pattern
186. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-004).
- Cumulus
- Stratus
- Cirrus
- Altocumulus
187. Satellite images in the infra-red (IR) spectrum can be used to…
- identify precipitation areas and forecast.
- identify temperatures and thereby top level of clouds.
- identify temperatures and thereby cloud base coverage.
- identify clear air turbulence areas and forecast.
188. Heavy downdrafts and strong wind shear close to the ground can be expected…
- during approach to an airfield at the coast with a strong sea breeze.
- during cold, clear nights with the formation of radiation fog.
- during warm summer days with high, flatted Cu clouds.
- near the rainfall areas of heavy showers or thunderstorms.
189. Air descending behind a mountain range is defined as…
- anabatic wind.
- convergent wind.
- katabatic wind.
- divergent wind.
- Conditionally unstable atmosphere, low temperature and low humidity
- Absolutely stable atmosphere, high temperature and low humidity
- Conditionally unstable atmosphere, high temperature and high humidity
- Absolutely stable atmosphere, high temperature and high humidity
191. How does the stability of a polar cold air mass change as it moves southerly to Central Europe during spring or summer?
- It destablises due to warming of air in the lower troposphere
- It destabilises due to warming of air in the upper troposphere
- It stablises due to warming of air in the lower troposphere
- It stabilises due to increasing relative humidity
192. The character of an air mass is given by what properties?
- Wind speed and tropopause height
- Environmental lapse rate at origin
- Region of origin and track during movement
- Temperatures at origin and present region
- altitude and vertical speed of the reflecting particles.
- base and top level of the reflecting clouds.
- temperature of the layer from where the echos originate.
- size and nature of the reflecting particles.
194. The dry adiabatic lapse rate has a value of…
- 2° / 1000 ft.
- 1.0° C / 100 m.
- 0.6° C / 100 m.
- 0.65° C / 100 m.
195. The cloud types shown by HRV (High Resolution Visual) satellite images as “semi-transparent streaks” can be interpreted as:
- Cumulus (Cu)
- Nimbostratus (Ns)
- Cumulonimbus (Cb)
- Cirrus (Ci)
196. The temperature lapse rate with increasing height within the troposphere according ISA is…
- 3° C / 100 m.
- 1° C / 100 m.
- 0.65° C / 100 m.
- 0.6° C / 100 m.
197. A band of low pressure is usually present:
- Along the equator
- Over oceanic areas at latitudes around 30°N/S
- At mid-latitudes around 50–70°N/S
- At the north/south pole
- visual and infra-red satellite images.
- precise weather forecast up to 28 days.
- actual location and intensity of precipitation.
- upper wind and temperature, humidity.
199. What weather conditions can be expected during “Foehn” on the windward side of a mountain range?
- Dissipating clouds with unusual warming, accompanied by strong, gusty winds
- Calm wind and forming of high stratus clouds (high fog)
- Layered clouds, mountains obscured, poor visibility, moderate or heavy rain
- Scattered cumulus clouds with showers and thunderstorms
- Cirrus (Ci)
- Cumulus (Cu)
- Stratus (St)
- Cumulonimbus (Cb)
- Cold, moist air mixes with warm, moist air
- Evaporation from warm, moist ground area into very cold air
- Warm, moist air is moved across a hill or a mountain range
- Prolonged radiation during nights clear of clouds
202. With other factors remaining constant, decreasing temperature results in…
- increasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
- increasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
- decreasing spread and decreasing relative humidity.
- decreasing spread and increasing relative humidity.
203. The HRV (High Resolution Visual) channel of satellite images shows…
- top level of clouds by temperature measurement.
- location and intensity of precipitation areas.
- forecast development of pressure patterns.
- cloud areas, especially convective structures (Cb).
204. What process causes latent heat being released into the upper troposphere?
- Cloud forming due to condensation
- Evaporation over widespread water areas
- Stabilisation of inflowing air masses
- Descending air across widespread areas
- Prolonged radiation during nights clear of clouds
- Warm, moist air is moved across a hill or a mountain range
- Cold, moist air mixes with warm, moist air
- Evaporation from warm, moist ground area into very cold air
206. The HRV (High Resolution Visual) channel of satellite images shows… (repeat wording)
- top level of clouds by temperature measurement.
- forecast development of pressure patterns.
- cloud areas, especially convective structures (Cb).
- location and intensity of precipitation areas.
207. What wind conditions can be expected in areas showing large distances between isobars?
- Formation of local wind systems with strong prevailing westerly winds
- Variable winds, formation of local wind systems
- Strong prevailing easterly winds with rapid backing
- Strong prevailing westerly winds with rapid veering
208. The saturated adiabatic lapse rate should be assumed with a mean value of:
- 0.6° C / 100 m.
- 0° C / 100 m.
- 2° C / 1000 ft.
- 1.0° C / 100 m.
209. What cloud type does the picture show?
See figure (MET-003). [file:20][file:18]
- Cirrus
- Cumulus
- Nimbostratus
- Altocumulus
210. What weather conditions in Central Europe are typically found in high pressure areas during summer?
- Small isobar spacing with calm winds, formation of local wind systems
- Small isobar spacing with strong prevailing northerly winds
- Large isobar spacing with calm winds, formation of local wind systems
- Large isobar spacing with strong prevailing westerly winds
Meteorology (TRAM)
1. Atmosphere & ISA
1.1. Atmospheric Composition & Structure
1.1.1. Weather phenomena are most common in which atmospheric layer?
1.1.2. Which answer names the correct order of the atmospheric layers?
- Tropo-, Strato-, Meso-, Thermo(Iono)sphere
1.1.3. What is the percentage of oxygen in dry air?
1.1.4. The term “tropopause” is defined as…
- the boundary area between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
1.2. ISA Standards
1.2.1. At what rate does the temperature change with increasing height according to ISA within the troposphere?
- Decreases by 2° C / 100 m
1.2.2. Temperatures will be given by meteorological aviation services in Europe in which unit?
1.2.3. The mean temperature lapse rate with increasing height within the troposphere is…
1.2.4. What is the ISA standard pressure at FL 180 (5500 m)?
1.2.5. The pressure at MSL in ISA conditions is…
1.2.6. The purpose of the ICAO standard atmosphere is to…
- Enable all aircraft in flight to use the same altitude / pressure reference system
1.2.7. Which value has been set for the relative humidity in the ISA?
2. Temperature & Stability
2.1. Temperature & Inversions
2.1.1. What is meant by “inversion layer”?
- An atmospheric layer where temperature increases with increasing height
2.1.2. Which process may result in an inversion layer at about 5000 ft (1500 m) height?
- Widespread descending air within a high pressure area
2.1.3. An inversion layer close to the ground can be caused by…
- Ground cooling during the night
2.1.4. When taking off in a ground inversion, expect…
- During climb, a sudden decrease in speed and climb performance has to be expected
2.2. Stability & Air Mass Characteristics
2.2.1. What atmospheric process requires stable conditions?
2.2.2. Which indication identifies an unstable air mass?
- High environmental lapse rate
2.2.3. Which indication identifies a stable air mass?
- Steady or increasing temperature with height
2.2.4. How could unstable air masses be identified by their appearances?
- Cumulus clouds, strong vertical airlift, rain showers with large water droplets
3. Pressure & Altimetry
3.1. Pressure Settings & Definitions
3.1.1. The QNH is used in aviation…
- For cross-country flights below transition altitude
3.1.2. Isobars are lines of equal…
3.1.3. During a flight from an area of low pressure to higher pressure with no subscale change, the true altitude…
- Becomes higher than indicated (corrected)
3.1.4. The pressure which is measured at a ground station and reduced to MSL is called…
3.2. Altitude Definitions & Altimetry
3.2.1. The barometric altimeter indicates height above…
- A selected reference pressure level
3.2.2. The term “elevation” is defined as…
- Vertical distance of a point on the earth’s surface measured from mean sea level (MSL)
3.2.3. The term “altitude” is defined as height above…
3.2.4. What is the meaning of the term “transition altitude”?
- At or below this altitude the pilot has to set the altimeter to QNH
3.2.5. The altimeter can be checked on the ground by setting…
- QNH and comparing the indication with the airfield elevation
3.2.6. The barometric altimeter with QFE setting indicates…
- Height above the pressure level at airfield elevation
3.2.7. When adjusting the pressure value scale of an altimeter, the…
- Deviation between the actual air pressure and the standard atmosphere will be corrected.
3.2.8. Which altitude is displayed in an altimeter with standard altimeter setting?
- The pressure altitude of the airplane (corrected)
3.3. Air Density
3.3.1. Which processes result in decreasing air density?
- Increasing temperature, decreasing pressure
3.3.2. With atmospheric pressure and temperature remaining constant, increasing air humidity results in…
4. Wind
4.1.1. How can wind speed and wind direction be derived from surface weather charts?
- By alignment and distance of isobaric lines
4.1.2. Which force causes “wind”?
4.1.3. Above the friction layer, with a prevailing pressure gradient, the wind direction is…
- Pressure gradients caused by temperature differences
4.1.5. What wind conditions can be expected with no prevailing pressure gradient?
- Variable winds, formation of local wind systems
4.1.6. A small horizontal pressure gradient will cause…
4.2. Friction & Surface Effects
4.2.1. Which of the stated surfaces will reduce the wind speed most due to ground friction?
- Mountainous areas, vegetation cover
4.2.2. The impact of friction by the earth’s surface significantly affects wind over land up to…
4.3. Wind Phenomena
4.3.1. The movement of air flowing together is called…
4.3.2. What weather development will result from convergence at ground level?
- Ascending air and cloud formation
4.3.3. A so-called convergence close to the ground always results in…
4.3.4. Winds blowing uphill are defined as…
4.3.5. Air descending behind a mountain range is defined as…
4.3.6. The term “vertical wind shear” is defined as…
- A change of wind velocity and direction within a small vertical spacing
4.3.7. What situation may result in severe wind shear?
- When a shower is visible close to the airfield.
4.4. Local & Regional Winds
4.4.1. Which wind phenomenon arises mainly due to the orography?
4.4.2. The Bora is a cold, catabatic wind that can be found…
4.4.3. The mountain-valley air circulation is caused by…
- The diurnal temperature variation caused by solar radiation (corrected)
4.4.4. Which cold katabatic wind blows into the Adriatic Sea?
5. Moisture, Humidity & Phase Changes
5.1. Water States & Phase Transitions
5.1.1. The physical phenomena through which water uses or releases heat when changing state is important for…
- The horizontal and vertical transportation of heat.
5.1.2. Which answer comprises every state of water in the atmosphere?
- Liquid, solid, and gaseous
5.1.3. Which component of the gas-mix in the atmosphere is responsible for weather?
5.1.4. In which aggregate phases can water occur in the atmosphere?
- Gaseous, liquid and solid
5.1.5. What process causes latent heat being released into the upper troposphere?
- Cloud forming due to condensation
5.1.6. Evaporation is the transition from…
5.1.7. How is the transition from solid to a gaseous state over snow and ice called?
5.2. Humidity Relationships
5.2.1. How do dew point and relative humidity change with decreasing temperature?
- Dew point remains constant, relative humidity increases
5.2.2. How do spread and relative humidity change with increasing temperature?
- Spread increases, relative humidity decreases
5.2.3. With other factors remaining constant, decreasing temperature results in…
- Decreasing spread and increasing relative humidity
5.2.4. How will temperature, dew point, spread and relative humidity interact with each other during fog?
- Temperature equals dew point, relative humidity close to or equal to 100%, zero spread
5.2.5. A cubic meter of air may absorb 9.2 g of water but presently contains only 4.6 g. What is the relative humidity?
5.2.6. Which factor is responsible for reduced visibility when all other conditions remain the same?
5.3. Adiabatic Processes
5.3.1. The saturated adiabatic lapse rate is…
- Lower than the dry adiabatic lapse rate
5.3.2. The dry adiabatic lapse rate has a value of…
5.3.3. What weather conditions may be expected during conditionally unstable conditions?
- Towering cumulus, isolated showers of rain or thunderstorms
5.3.4. Which answer defines the term “adiabatic process”?
- A change in volume and temperature of air during vertical movement with no thermal interaction
5.3.5. Which answer defines the term “saturated adiabatic process”?
- Saturated air continuously ascends and cools by less than 1 K per 100 m
6. Clouds
6.1. Cloud Classification
6.1.1. Clouds are basically distinguished by what types?
- Cumulus and stratiform clouds
6.1.2. Clouds in high layers are referred to as…
6.1.3. Which are the different categories of clouds according to their heights and levels?
- Low clouds, medium clouds, high altitude clouds and clouds with large vertical extension
6.1.4. Which are the different categories for clouds in reference to their elements?
- Water, ice and mixed-content clouds
6.1.5. Which of the following cloud types have a large vertical extension?
- Nimbostratus, cumulonimbus (corrected)
6.2.1. Which is the most common cause for the development of stratus clouds?
- Gradual lifting of an entire airmass spreading across a large area
6.2.2. What factor may affect the top of cumulus clouds?
- The presence of an inversion layer
6.2.3. Which is the most likely reason for disappearing then reappearing cumulus at higher levels?
- A rise in ceiling through an inversion or isotherm
6.2.4. Which circumstances lead to the development of low stratus (“high fog”)?
- A high pressure system during winter with an inversion close to the ground
6.2.5. A gradual increase in cirrus clouds may indicate the approach of…
6.2.6. The first appearance of As and Cs clouds indicates the warm front is at a distance of about…
6.2.7. Lenticularis clouds occur…
- On the lee side of the mountain range above the ridge
6.3. Cloud Types & Weather Systems
6.3.1. What is the typical cloud type associated with a cold front in summer?
6.3.2. Which cloud type is typical across a widespread high pressure area in summer?
- Scattered Cu and Ac clouds (corrected)
6.3.3. Which weather is typical in high pressure areas during summer?
- Calm weather and cloud dissipation, few high Cu
6.4. Flying Through Clouds
6.4.1. What conditions may be expected when flying through Cumulonimbus clouds (Cb)?
- Heavy rain, hail, heavy turbulence, heavy icing
- Low precipitation, calm air, light turbulence (corrected)
6.4.3. A pilot flying underneath a Cb cloud has to expect…
- Sudden heavy rain, hail, turbulences and lightning
7. Fog
7.1. Fog Types
7.1.1. Which are the main types of fog?
- Radiation fog, advection fog, mixing fog
7.1.2. Which is the most common kind of fog over Central Europe?
7.1.3. Which kind of fog may develop when warm and moist air moves over a cold surface?
7.1.4. Which answer describes the development of steam fog (evaporation fog)?
- Movement of very cold air over warm and moist surfaces
7.1.5. Which type of fog does not depend on the ground temperature?
- Advection fog (corrected)
- Warm, moist air is moved across a hill or a mountain range
- Low spread, decreasing temperature
7.2.3. Which conditions support the disappearance of radiation fog?
- Increasing wind speed and increasing temperature
8. Precipitation & Icing
- Freezing temperatures, moderate to strong updrafts
8.1.2. The formation of medium to large precipitation particles requires…
- Cross through the frosted area of a cloud due to several up- and down drafts
8.2. Aircraft Icing
8.2.1. Which conditions are most favourable for ice accretion on aircraft?
- Temperatures between 0° C and -12° C, presence of supercooled water droplets (clouds)
8.2.2. Which temperatures are most dangerous for aircraft icing?
8.2.3. What are the main factors for aircraft icing?
- Air temperature, humidity and size of droplets
8.2.5. What are the primary types of aircraft icing?
- Rime ice, hoarfrost, clear ice
8.2.6. How does clear ice develop?
- Supercooled large droplets freeze, building transparent layers
8.2.7. How does rime ice affect an aircraft?
- Accumulation of ice crystals on the leading edges of aerodynamically sensitive components leading
to a loss of lift
8.2.8. Does snow on the wings disrupt the take-off?
- Yes, because snow severely deteriorates aerodynamic characteristics
9. Air Masses
9.1. Air Mass Properties
9.1.1. With regard to global circulation and air masses, what are the air masses that Central Europe is mainly influenced by?
- Polar cold air and subtropical warm air
9.1.2. How is an air mass described when moving to Central Europe via the Russian continent during winter?
9.1.3. What factors are responsible for the characterization of an air mass?
- The origin and the direction or route it has taken
9.1.4. The term “maritime climate” is defined as a climate influenced…
9.1.5. The character of a continental air mass can change by moving across widespread…
9.1.6. The character of an air mass is given by what properties?
- Region of origin and track during movement
9.2. Air Mass Processes
9.2.1. Processes of advection may take place…
- The alteration of an air mass along its movement
10. Fronts & Weather Systems
10.1. Front Definition
10.1.1. The term “front” is defined as…
- An air mass boundary with specific weather phenomena
10.2. Warm Fronts
10.2.1. A gradual increase in cirrus clouds may indicate the approach of…
10.2.2. The first appearance of As and Cs clouds indicates the warm front is at a distance of about…
10.2.3. Which dangers exist when flying VFR through a warm front?
- Low ceiling, poor visibility, rain
10.3. Cold Fronts
10.3.1. Which answer explains the development of a cold front?
- The succeeding cold air moves below the preceding warm air thus lifting it
10.3.2. Which visual flight conditions can be expected near a cold front?
- Moderate visibility, heavy showers and thunderstorms
10.3.3. What is the typical cloud type associated with a cold front in summer?
10.3.4. What wind change is typical during the passage of a cold front?
- Direction changes from SW to NW, wind speed increases
10.3.5. Which weather is characteristic of a cold front?
- Heavy cloud coverage with embedded Cb and strengthening showery precipitation (partially as thunderstorms), considerable change in wind direction to the right (corrected)
10.3.6. Gusty winds with showers and cumulus clouds usually occur…
- Behind a cold front (corrected)
10.4. Occlusions & Other Fronts
- Cold air and preceding warm air (corrected)
10.4.2. Which conditions exist during a cold front occlusion?
- The air mass in front of the occlusion is colder than its backside (corrected)
10.4.3. A boundary between two air masses with no horizontal movement is called…
- Stationary front (corrected)
10.5. Pressure Systems
10.5.1. In the northern hemisphere, frontal lows generally move…
10.5.2. Which wind change occurs during the passage of a polar front low?
- Backing wind during passage of the warm front, veering wind during passage of the cold front (corrected)
10.5.3. High pressure areas are found predominantly…
- In subtropical areas at about 30° N/S (corrected)
10.5.4. A ridge of high pressure is defined as…
- High barometric pressure between low pressure areas (corrected)
10.5.5. What is the typical weather in high pressure areas during winter?
- Fog, high fog and occasional precipitation (corrected)
10.5.6. Cold air inflow in higher tropospheric layers may result in…
- Showers and thunderstorms (corrected)
10.5.7. The term “upper level trough” is defined as an area…
- Of cold air in higher levels where the pressure surfaces are lower than the surroundings (corrected)
10.5.8. Which frontal line divides subtropical air from polar cold air?
10.6. Warm Sector
10.6.1. Which weather conditions are typical within a warm sector during the warm season?
- High reaching cumulus clouds with rain showers and very good visibility. (corrected)
11. Mountain Weather
11.1. Foehn & Mountain Effects
11.1.1. “Foehn” conditions usually develop with…
- Stability, widespread air blown against a mountain ridge
11.1.2. The term “rotor” as used in aviation meteorology is defined as…
- A roll shaped cloud on the leeside of a mountain
11.1.3. Which weather occurs during Foehn on the windward side of a mountain?
- Layered clouds, mountains obscured, poor visibility, moderate or heavy rain
11.1.4. Which effects occur when moist air flows perpendicular to a mountain range?
- Cloud formation on windward side, good visibility on leeward side
11.1.5. When passing a mountain range, frontal activity will…
- weaken in the lee and strengthen in the luv (corrected)
11.1.6. Which hazardous phenomenon is typical in a roll cloud?
12. Thunderstorms
12.1.1. Which hazardous phenomena can be caused by a thunderstorm?
- Warm humid air, conditionally unstable environmental lapse rate
- Conditionally unstable atmosphere, high temperature and high humidity
12.1.4. A frontal thunderstorm develops…
- At any time of the day along the frontal line
12.2. Thunderstorm Characteristics
12.2.1. What vertical speeds can be expected in a Cb downdraft?
12.2.2. Strong up- and downdrafts appear during which stage of a thunderstorm?
12.2.3. What is the typical life cycle of a single thunderstorm cell?
12.2.4. Which phenomena occur in the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm?
12.2.5. What effects may a lightning strike have on an aircraft?
- The electrical system as well as the navigational equipment may be damaged
12.2.6. Heavy downdrafts and strong wind shear close to the ground are expected…
- Near rainfall areas of heavy showers or thunderstorms
12.2.7. Cold downdrafts with precipitation cause a…
12.2.8. What is the minimum recommended distance to circumnavigate a thunderstorm?
13. Visibility & Weather Phenomena
13.1. Visibility Definitions
13.1.1. The term “mist” is defined as…
- Visibility 1–8 km with relative humidity ≥ 80 %
- Stable layering with a strongly developed inversion
13.1.3. Which type of visibility can be measured with a transmissometer?
- The runway visual range (RVR)
13.1.4. Which kinds of visibility can be determined from the flight deck?
- Horizontal, vertical and slant visibility
13.2. Other Weather Phenomena
13.2.1. The term “general circulation” of the atmosphere is defined as…
- The large scale vertical airflow systems in the atmosphere
13.2.2. Light turbulence always has to be expected…
- Below cumulus clouds due to thermal convection
13.2.3. Which is characteristic of the so-called westerly situation?
- Changing weather with the passing of frontal lines
14. Climate
14.1. Climate Definition
14.1.1. The term “climate” is defined as the average cycle of weather…
- Over a period of at least 30 years
15.1. Surface & Significant Weather Charts
15.1.1. Which weather chart shows the actual air pressure at MSL with pressure centers and fronts?
- Overview of cloud cover and frontal systems
- Radar echoes of precipitation
15.1.4. In LLSWC, the abbreviation “FRQ” means…
- Frequent thunderstorm with little or no separation
15.1.5. Low-Level Significant Weather Charts are updated…
- Coverage in eighths, cloud base (ceiling) and tops
15.1.7. Pressure distribution in MSL and frontal systems are displayed by the…
15.1.8. High pressure gradient areas on a surface chart are recognized by…
- Several isobars with a small distance to each other
15.2.3. The correct term used in a TREND message when no significant change is expected is…
15.2.4. What does “BECMG” mean in a TAF?
- A transition to another state of weather (corrected)
15.2.5. “BECMG 1214” means…
- A change in the basic weather situation which will start at 1200 UTC at the earliest and end at 1400 UTC at the latest
15.2.6. “FM1220” in a TAF means…
- A new weather situation starting from 1220 UTC
- Wind 240° at 12 kt, visibility 5000 m, moderate rain, 3–4/8 at 500 ft, 5–7/8 at 1000 ft, temperature 15 °C, dew point 12 °C, QNH 1015 hPa
15.2.9. What does “BKN” mean?
- Cloud cover of 5/8 to 7/8
15.3. GAFOR
15.3.1. What does “M” mean in a GAFOR forecast?
- Ground visibility less than 5 km but at least 1.5 km and ceiling (4/8 or more) below 1000 ft but not below 500 ft above the reference height
15.3.2. Cloud base 2000 ft and visibility 4000 m: GAFOR region is…
15.4. Weather Warnings & Reports
15.4.2. AIRMETs are issued…
- Whenever significant weather phenomena, like severe icing or severe turbulence, occur.
15.4.3. A GAMET is issued for…
15.4.5. Which flights do not require a weather briefing?
- Flights in the traffic circuit
15.4.6. Which weather message should be checked before each flight for hazardous conditions?
15.4.7. For which regions are SIGMET warnings issued?
15.4.8. Which report includes squall line (SQL) and thunderstorm warnings?